Why is our express delivery always accurate on the route? Why are the books in the school library managed neatly and orderly? Why are some accidentally stolen items quickly tracked back? These have to use RFID technology because of this In the era of the Internet of Things, it is one of the key technologies for data connection and data exchange.
What is RFID technology? RFID, also known as radio frequency identification, identifies and reads and writes specific target data through radio signals, and can recognize and read and write data without mechanical contact or a specific complex environment. Today, the RFID technology application that everyone talks about is actually an RFID tag, which already exists in all aspects of our lives.
There are two ways to work. One is to receive the RF signal from the reader when the RFID tag enters the valid recognition range of the reader. The energy obtained by the induced current is used to send the information stored in the chip. The other is The RFID tag actively transmits a signal of a certain frequency, and the reader receives the information and decodes it, and sends it to the central information system for data processing.
In the mid-twentieth century, based on the improvement and application of radar, radio frequency identification technology began to lay the foundation, and since then it has begun to develop. Until today, RFID technology has been used for half a century. At present, RFID technology is in China. The development situation is good, especially in the United States, Germany, Sweden, Japan, South Africa, the United Kingdom and Switzerland, all of which have relatively mature and advanced RFID systems. China’s development in this area is not far behind. The more successful cases are A fully autonomous research remote automatic identification system was introduced.
Next, Xiaobian will read the RFID technology with everyone:
Three types
There are three main categories of products derived from RFID technology:
1. Passive RFID products:
Such products require close-contact identification, such as meal cards, bus cards, etc. These card types require close contact during work identification. The main working frequencies are low frequency 125KHZ, high frequency 13.56MHZ, ultra high frequency 433MHZ and 915MHZ. . These products are also common in our lives and are relatively early in development.
2. Active RFID products:
This type of product has the characteristics of automatic identification over long distances, so it is applied to some large-scale environments, such as smart parking lots, smart cities, smart transportation and Internet of Things. Their main work is microwave 2.45GHZ and 5.8GHZ. , UHF 433MHZ.
3. Semi-active RFID products:
As the name suggests, it is the combination of active RFID products and passive RFID products. It combines the advantages of both, and enables the microwave 2.45G to take advantage of the low frequency 125KHZ frequency to solve the problem that active RFID products and passive RFID products cannot solve. Problems such as access control, area location management, and security alarms, proximity positioning, and long-distance transmission of data.
Six fields
RFID technology has strong anti-interference and no need for manual identification, so it is often used in some areas that need to collect or track information, including but not limited to the following seven points:
1. Warehouse / Transportation / Materials:
The RFID chip is embedded in the goods, stored in warehouses, shopping malls and other goods as well as in the logistics process. The goods related information is automatically collected by the reader, and the management personnel can quickly inquire the goods information in the system, reduce the risk of being discarded or stolen, and improve the goods. Hand over speed, improve accuracy, and prevent stocking and anti-counterfeiting.
2. Access control / attendance:
Some companies or some large conferences can identify the sign-on through the door identification system by entering the identity or fingerprint information in advance, which saves a lot of time, convenient and labor-saving.
3. Fixed asset management:
Some places, such as libraries, art galleries, and museums, where assets are large or expensive, require complete management procedures or rigorous protection measures. When the information stored in books or valuables changes abnormally, it will be in the system for the first time. Remind the administrator to handle the situation.
4. Train / car identification / baggage security:
The railway dispatching system of China's railway is a typical case, which automatically identifies the vehicle number and information input, saves a lot of manual statistics, and improves the accuracy.
5. Medical information tracking:
Case tracking, waste tracking, and drug tracking are all good ways to improve hospital service levels and efficiency.
6. Military/Defense/National Security:
The dynamics of some important military drugs or military vehicles require real-time tracking.
Seven advantages
1. Strong anti-interference
One of the most important advantages is non-contact identification, which works in harsh environments, and is extremely penetrating, allowing you to quickly identify and read labels.
2. The data capacity of RFID tags is very large.
It can be expanded to 10k according to the user's needs, much higher than the 2,725-digit capacity of the two-dimensional bar.
3. Can be operated dynamically
Its tag data can be dynamically modified by programming and can be dynamically tracked and monitored as long as the object to which the RFID tag is attached appears within the effective recognition range of the reader.
4. Long service life
Because of its strong anti-interference, RFID tags are not easily damaged and have a long service life.
5. Anti-collision
It can read multiple RFID tags simultaneously within the effective recognition range of the reader.
6. High security
The RFID tag can be attached to the product in any form, and the tag data can be password encrypted to improve security.
7. Recognition speed is fast
As soon as the RFID tag enters the valid recognition range of the reader, the data is immediately read, and in general, the identification can be completed in less than 100 milliseconds.
Joint advance and retreat
Of course, every technology has its advantages and disadvantages. The development of RFID technology to today will also have its drawbacks. The technology application of UHF frequency band is not wide enough, the technology is not mature enough, the related products are expensive, and the stability is not high. There is no uniform standard in the international arena.
At present, RFID technology has been closely related to our daily life. In the current Internet of Things era, if RFID technology is perfected, RFID UHF technology is mature, and RFID UHF market is widely used, then the development of Internet of Things will also Push to a new height.
Like other security devices, the security of RFID devices is not perfect. Although RFID devices are widely used, the security threats they require need to be addressed before the device is deployed. The following sections will focus on several RFID-related security issues.
01, RFID forgery
According to computing power, RFID can be divided into three categories:
1. General label (tag)
2. Labels using symmetric keys
3. Labels using asymmetric keys
Among them, the ordinary label does not perform any encryption operation, and it is easy to forge. However, common tags are widely used in logistics management and tourism. Attackers can easily write information into a blank RFID tag or modify an existing tag to obtain access rights for the authentication system using RFID tags. . For ordinary tag attackers, you can do the following three things:
According to computing power, RFID can be divided into three categories:
1. Modify the data in the existing tag to make an invalid tag valid, or conversely, invalidate the valid tag. For example, you can modify an item's label content and then purchase an expensive item at a lower price.
2. The same is to modify the label, but the content of one label is modified to the content of another label, that is, the raccoon cat changes the Prince.
3. Create a label of your own based on the content of the other people's tags.
Therefore, when you want to use RFID tags in some systems that handle sensitive information, you must use encryption technology. But if you have to use a common label, be sure to have the appropriate security specifications, monitoring and audit procedures to detect any anomalous behavior in the RFID system.
02, RFID sniffing
RFID sniffing is a major problem in RFID systems. The RFID reader always sends information requesting authentication to the tag. When the reader receives the authentication information sent by the tag, it uses the backend database to verify the validity of the tag authentication information.
But unfortunately, most RFID tags do not authenticate the legitimacy of RFID readers. Then an attacker can use his own reader to fetch the contents of the tag.
03, tracking
By reading the content on the tag, an attacker can track the trajectory of an object or person. When a tag enters a range readable by the reader, the reader can identify the tag and record the current location of the tag.
Whether or not the communication between the tag and the reader is encrypted, the fact that the tag is being tracked cannot be avoided. An attacker can use a mobile robot to track the location of a tag.
04, refused service
When the reader receives authentication information from the tag, it compares the authentication information with the information in the backend database. Readers and back-end databases are vulnerable to denial of service attacks.
When a denial of service attack occurs, the reader will not be able to complete the authentication of the label and cause the interruption of other corresponding services. Therefore, you must ensure that there is a mechanism to prevent denial of service attacks between the reader and the backend database.
05, deception
In a spoofing attack, an attack often turns itself into a legitimate user. Sometimes, the attacker will pretend to be the administrator of the back-end database. If the forgery is successful, the attacker can do whatever he wants, for example: corresponding invalid request, change the RFID identity, reject the normal service or simply directly Malicious code is implanted in the system.
06, denied
The so-called denial is that when a user refuses to admit that he has done it after performing an operation, when denying the sending, the system has no way to verify whether the user has performed the operation.
In the use of RFID, there are two possible denials: one is that the sender or receiver may deny an operation, such as issuing an RFID request, at this time we have no evidence to prove whether the sender or receiver has issued RFID requests; the other is that the owner of the database may deny that they have given any item or person any label.
07, insert the attack
In this type of attack, the attacker attempts to send a system command to the RFID system instead of the original normal data content. One of the simplest examples is that an attacker inserts an attack command into the normal data stored in the tag.
08, retransmission attack
The attacker intercepts the communication between the tag and the reader, records the response of the tag to the reader authentication request, and then retransmits the message to the reader. An example of a retransmission attack is when an attacker logs information between a tag and a reader for authentication.
09, physical attack
A physical attack sends information that an attacker can physically touch a tag and tamper with the tag. Physical attacks can occur in a variety of ways, such as using a microprobe to read and modify the contents of a tag, using X-rays or other rays to destroy the contents of the tag, and using electromagnetic interference to disrupt communication between the tag and the reader.
In addition, anyone can easily use a knife or other tool to manually damage the label so that the reader cannot recognize the label.
10, the virus
Like other information systems, RFID systems are vulnerable to virus attacks. In most cases, the target of the virus is the backend database. The RFID virus can destroy or leak the contents of the tags stored in the back-end database, rejecting or interfering with the communication between the reader and the back-end database. In order to protect the back-end database, it is necessary to fix database vulnerabilities and other risks in a timely manner.
Although RFID systems are often the target of attack, due to the low cost of RFID systems, they are widely used in many fields. So when preparing to deploy an RFID system, be sure to pay more attention to its security issues, especially the first four attacks described in this article: forgery, sniffing, tracing, and denial of service attacks.
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