Copper ore and ore flag Characteristics
I. Overview of copper ore geology
The typical sulphur-like elements of copper are mainly sulfides formed in nature. Only oxides are formed under strong oxidizing conditions, and natural copper can be formed under reducing conditions.
At present, more than 250 kinds of copper minerals and copper-containing minerals have been found on the earth's crust, mainly sulfides and their similar compounds and copper oxides, natural copper and copper sulfates, carbonates, silicates. Classes and other minerals. Among them, there are 16 kinds of materials that can be used as industrial mineral raw materials for the current smelting conditions:
Natural elements: natural copper (containing nearly 100% copper), generally found in the oxidation zone of sulfide deposits. The production of natural copper is common in the pores or fissures of continental basalts , but it is extremely rare to form an industrial-scale natural copper deposit. However, in the basaltic volcanic rock series metamorphosed in the Proterozoic, the Kiwino super-large copper deposit dominated by natural copper has become a special case of copper deposits. In China, the Mayang copper mine in Hunan is also a copper deposit dominated by natural copper, but its type is sandstone and its size is medium.
Copper sulfide: chalcopyrite (containing 34.6% copper, brackets for copper content, the same below), copper ore (63.3%), chalcopyrite (79.9%), copper blue (66.5%), square chalcopyrite (23.4%), beryllium copper ore (46.7%), arsenic antimony ore (52.7%), sulfur-arsenic copper ore (48.4%). However, the copper ore and the porphyrite may be the products of the original ore-forming or the secondary enrichment of the oxidation. If it is a product of secondary oxidation, the chalcopyrite can be ash-like and mostly symbiotic with minerals such as malachite.
Copper oxides: cuprite (88.8%), black copper (79.9%); copper sulfate, carbonate and silicate minerals: malachite (57.5%), azurite (55.3%), Chrysocolla (36.2%), water cholesteric (56.2%), chlorite (59.5%). They are all formed by the oxidation of primary copper minerals or high copper-bearing rocks.
At present, the raw materials for the selection of copper minerals are mainly chalcopyrite, chalcopyrite, porphyrite, malachite and the like. According to the technical conditions of the metallurgy, the copper ore is divided into three natural types by the ratio of copper oxide and copper sulfide. That is, sulfide ore, containing less than 10% copper oxide; oxidized ore, containing more than 30% copper oxide; mixed ore, containing 10%-30% of copper oxide.
The types of copper deposits are mainly: porphyry copper deposits, copper- nickel sulfide-type copper deposits, massive sulfide-type copper deposits, layered copper deposits (volcanic-type copper deposits, sand, shale, conglomerate-type copper deposits, Carbonate type copper ore, skarn type copper ore and hydrothermal vein type copper ore.
Second, the prospecting mark
1. Copper oxide minerals. Because the original copper minerals, high-altitude altered rocks, and ancient copper slag are easily oxidized, they form an extraordinarily striking emerald malachite (commonly known as patina), azure blue-copper ore (commonly known as azurite), and reddish red copper. Mines, soot-like chalcopyrites, indigo-colored porphyrites, etc., are good indicators of copper mines.
2. Characteristic plants. For example, the toothbrush grass in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the geranium with purple-red stems in Yunnan are very good for finding copper ore plants. 3. Alteration combination. Such as the Qingpan lithification-Yellow iron slate lithification-mud-potassium-silicide, the red layer (the volcanic red layer or the sand shale red layer) in the fading, etc. are all good copper signs.
3, volcanic mechanism, spilitic - keratophyre tuff volcanic, sedimentary jet (Fe, Mn cherts, iron Jasper rock, lamellar silicalite), the red light sand layer (conglomerate), skarn Rocks, ultrabasic rocks, medium-medium-acid porphyry, siliceous siliceous fine dolomites , and charcoal-bearing volcanic tuff layers are the best targets for copper.
4. For porphyry copper deposits, it is generally a large-tonnage low-grade deposit, which has always been the main target of people's search. It is particularly worth mentioning that it is necessary to look for porphyry copper mines to see if they have exposed conditions, and secondly, whether they have secondary enrichment zones, and whether they are associated with higher gold , silver and molybdenum. . If it is inconvenient to expose and not have a high-grade secondary enrichment belt, and the content of gold, silver and molybdenum is low, it will become a mine due to its low grade, which is difficult for people to use, because it occupies a large amount of exploration funds. Can make mining companies in trouble.
5. Geochemical anomalies of copper and their combined anomalies with molybdenum, gold, silver, lead , zinc , iron and manganese.
6. Geophysical anomalies. The excitation (high polarization), resistivity (low resistance), and gravity (high gravity) can directly reflect the existence of copper ore bodies. Magnetic anomalies can circle volcanic mechanisms, medium-medium-acid rock contact belts, and super-bases. Brought by the rock, low gravity can circle the hidden granitic rock mass.
7, pay attention to mineralization series prospecting. There are copper deposits under iron ore (such as iron caps often indicate copper, and copper deposits usually exist under magnetite deposits).
8, pay attention to comprehensive prospecting. Copper deposits can often be symbiotic or associated with the following elements: lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, tin , gold, silver, iron, and the like.
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